Yaa Hindisay Roulette? Asalka Roulette
Giraangiro dhowr ah, hal magac, iyo magaalo ugu dambeyntii qortay.
Qofna diiwaanka kuma jiro inuu yahay kii hindisay roulette. Ciyaarta sida aan u naqaan waxay ka soo muuqatay Paris dhammaadkii qarnigii 18-aad, iyadoo isku darsatay giraangir wareegta oo ka timid ciyaaro hore iyo shaxda sharadka oo laga soo amaahday ciyaaraha miiska ee Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska.
Awoowayaasha
Saddex ciyaarood oo ka da' weyn ayaa keenay qaybaha. Giraangirihii E.O. (“even-odd”) ee Ingiriiska ee 1740-meeyadii waxay lahaayeen giraangir wareegta oo leh afartan godqalabGodMid ka mid ah 37-ka qol ee lambarrada leh ee rotor-ka. Sidoo kale: slot, cup.Akhri dhammaan → oo lagu calaameeyay E ama O iyo kubbadqalabKubbadKubbadda yar ee lagu tuuro jidka iyada oo ka soo horjeedda rotor-ka. Kubbadaha casriga ah waa ivorine ama Teflon, 18–21 mm.Akhri dhammaan → lagu tuuro; waxaa la mamnuucay 1745 haddana waa la sii ciyaaray. Roly-poly, ciyaar Ingiriis ah oo ka horreysay, way u ekayd. Ciyaarta bakhtiyaanasiibka Talyaaniga ee biribi, oo la sheegay inay ka bilaabatay Genoa qiyaastii 1750 laguna yaqaanay Faransiiska cavagnole, waxay adeegsan jirtay loox 70 lambar leh oo ciyaartoydu ku sharadsadaan iyo kiish laga soo saaro lambar; lambarka guuleystay wuxuu celin jiray 64 jeer sharadka, sharadka ku jiro (63 ilaa 1), sidaa darteed bangiyuhu wuxuu hayn jiray 6 ka mid ah 70 kasta oo unuglacagUnugSharadka saldhigga ah ee nidaam ama ciyaartoy ku shaqeeyo. Kordhinnada waxaa lagu sharxaa unugyo si ay ugu shaqeeyaan miis kasta.Akhri dhammaan → oo la sharadsado, faa'iido 8.57% ah. Casanova, oo ciyaaray 1760-meeyadii, wuxuu ugu yeeray ciyaar khiyaanoolayaal, Faransiiskuna wuu mamnuucay 1837. Waxay ku biirisay fikradda shaxqalabShaxda sharadkaShaxda sharadka ee daabacan ee miiska. Sidoo kale: table, felt, cloth.Akhri dhammaan → lambarro ah oo leh lacag-bixinlacagLacag-bixinWaxa sharad guuleystay soo celiyo, oo lagu sheego “X ilaa 1” oo lagu daro sharadka la soo celiyay.Akhri dhammaan → odds dheer ah. Hoca, oo lagu ciyaari jiray qasriga Faransiiska 1600-meeyadii, waxay lahayd soddon lambar iyo faa'iidada kasiinadaxisaabFaa'iidada kasiinadaQaybta sharad kasta ee kasiinadu celcelis ahaan hayso: 2.70% roulette Yurub.Akhri dhammaan → oo ku dhisan meelo la xijiyay. Midkoodna ma aha roulette; wadajir ahaan waa waalidkeed.
Hoca ee qasriga Faransiiska: soddon lambar, meelo kasiinada. Louis XIV ayaa mamnuucay, haddana waa la ciyaaray.
Biribi ee Talyaaniga iyo Faransiiska: loox lambarro leh, lambar kiish laga soo saaro, odds dheer.
Giraangirada E.O. ee guryaha khamaarka Ingiriiska: giraangir wareegta, kubbad, dhaban ama kisi. La mamnuucay 1745.
Paris waxay isku dartay giraangirta iyo shaxda lambarrada. 0 iyo 00 labaduba waa godadka kasiinada.
Ciyaarta Palais-Royal ee sheeko-gaabeedka Lablée (1801) si faahfaahsan oo la garan karo u sharxay.
Xaggee roulette lagu hindisay? Paris, 1796 ka hor
Sheeko-gaabeedka La Roulette, ou le Jour ee Jaques Lablée, oo la daabacay 1801, wuxuu sharxayaa giraangir ku taal Palais-Royal 1796 oo leh lambarrada 1 ilaa 36, ebergiraangirEberHal godka cagaaran ee aan daboolin sharad lacag isle'eg ah, dersin ama tiir; isha faa'iidada kasiinada. Sidoo kale: single zero, 0.Akhri dhammaan → casaansharadCasaanSharad lacag isle'eg ah oo ku saabsan 18-ka lambar ee casaanka ah. Faransiis: rouge.Akhri dhammaan → ah iyo laba-ebernoocLaba-eberGodka 00 ee giraangirta Mareykanka. Joogitaankiisu wuxuu faa'iidada kasiinada ka kor qaadaa 2.70% ilaa 5.26%.Akhri dhammaan → madowsharadMadowSharad lacag isle'eg ah oo ku saabsan 18-ka lambar ee madow. Faransiis: noir.Akhri dhammaan → ah oo kasiinada loo xijiyay, iyo shax leh sharadyada gudaha iyo sharadyada dibaddasharadSharad dibaddaSharad ku saabsan sanduuqyada ku wareegsan shaxda: dersinnada, tiirarka iyo sharadyada lacag isle'eg.Akhri dhammaan → qiyaastii sida ay maanta u jiraan. Waa sharraxaaddii ugu horreysay ee dhammaystiran, horeyna waa ciyaarta casriga ah. Palais-Royal wuxuu ahaa xaafadda khamaarka Paris, ruqsad iyo canshuur leh, ilaa mamnuucidda 1837 ay ciyaarta u riixday magaalooyinka biyaha kulul ee Jarmalka.
Bad Homburg iyo Kasiinooyinka Magaalooyinka Biyaha KululSharadyada Gudaha iyo Dibadda ee Roulette
Magaca
Roulette waa Faransiis oo macnaheedu yahay “giraangir yar”. Ereyga waxaa loo isticmaali jiray ciyaaro giraangireed oo kale ka hor intaanu ku degin tan: xeer 1758 ah oo New France, gumeysigii Faransiiska ee St Lawrence, wuxuu horeba u mamnuucay “laadhuuda, hoca, faro iyo roulette”, sida Shelley (1988) sheegay, isagoon sheegin sida roulette-kaasi u ekaa. Ilaha hore ee Ingiriisiga ciyaarta mararka qaarkood waxaa loogu yeeraa “roulet” ama waxaa lagu tilmaamaa “E.O.-ga Faransiiska”. 1820-meeyadii “roulette” waxay meel kasta oo Yurub ah ka dhigan tahay hal ciyaar oo gaar ah.
Labada eber
Giraangirihii asalka ahaa ee Paris waxay lahaayeen 0 iyo 00 labadaba, taasoo kasiinada siisay faa'iido 5.26% ah giraangir 38 god leh. Giraangirta hal-eberka ahi waxay ahayd tallaabo ganacsi oo walaalaha Blanc ka qaadeen Bad Homburg 1843, loogu talagalay inay ciyaartoy ka soo jiidato magaalooyinka biyaha kulul ee la tartamaya. Giraangirta Mareykanku waxay haysay labada eber sababtoo ah ciyaartu waxay gaartay Mareykanka isbeddelka ka hor, cidna halkaas kuma lahayn tartame ay qiimaha uga dhimaan. Giraangirihii hore ee Mareykanka qaarkood way sii fogaadeen: shax qarnigii 19-aad ah waxay lahayd oo keliya lambarrada 1 ilaa 28 iyo 0, 00 iyo gorgor, waxay hal lambar ku bixin jirtay 27 1 kasta, faa'iido 12.90% ah, waxayna ka qaadan jirtay 9.68% tiirarkeedasharadTiirLaba iyo toban lambar oo ku jira hal tiir oo taagan oo shaxda sharadka ah, wuxuu bixiyaa 2:1.Akhri dhammaan → iyo midabbada. Ma sii jirin.
Sababta ay u faafday
Roulette uma baahna xirfad, daqiiqad kasta way dhammaataa, waxayna u oggolaataa tiro kasta oo ciyaartoy ah inay mar wada sharadsadaan iyagoo ka soo horjeeda kasiino aan muddada dheer khasaari karin. Hawlwadeenka waa ciyaarta ugu habboon: dhakhso, fudud, la ballaarin karo oo faa'iido leh heer la yaqaan. Dowladda waa wax canshuur laga qaado. Ciyaartu waxay raacday lacagta iyo ruqsadaha laga soo bilaabo Paris ilaa Homburg ilaa Monaco ilaa meel kasta.
Roulette-ka Monte CarloIsku-soo-dhowaanshaha Muddada Dheer: Sharciga Tirooyinka Waaweyn ee Roulette
Waxa aan isbeddelin
Shaxda, lacag-bixinnada (36/n − 1), taxanaha go'an ee wareegga iyo doorka dealer-ka waa isku mid sharraxaadda Lablée iyo baahin toos ah oo maanta ah. Taxanaha giraangirta, leexiyeyaashaqalabLeexiyeMid ka mid ah caqabadaha birta ah ee apron-ka saaran ee kala firdhiya kubbadda dhacaysa. Sidoo kale: canoe, diamond, pin.Akhri dhammaan → iyo kala-qaybiyeyaashaqalabKala-qaybiyeQaybiyaha birta ah ee u dhexeeya laba god oo giraangirta ah.Akhri dhammaan → hooseeya waa horumarin qarnigii 19-aad oo looga hortagay ciyaartoy bartay inay kubbadda daawadaan. Hal-eberku waa isbeddelka kaliya ee taabtay odds-ka, wuuna wanaajiyay.
Su'aalo
Wuxuu 1650-meeyadii sababo kale u tijaabiyay giraangiro wareega. Nisbayntu waa dhaqan, lama diiwaangelin. Eeg boggiisa.
Ruqsad ayay ku lahayd Palais-Royal ilaa 1837, kadib waa la mamnuucay ilaa 1907, markii kasiinooyinka magaalooyinka biyaha kulul iyo xeebaha mar kale la oggolaaday.
Si midabbada si adag loo kala beddelo oo loo kala firdhiyo sare/hoose iyo kisi/dhaban. Taxanaha saxda ah waxaa la dejiyay qarnigii 19-aad, isma beddelin.
Madadaalo Xisaabeed
Marka hore adigu isku day. Xal kasta waa qarsoon yahay; fur marka aad diyaar u tahay.
Biribi wuxuu dib u bixin jiray 64 ee 1 kasta hal lambar oo ka mid ah 70, sharadku ku jiro: 63 ilaa 1. Faa'iidada kasiinadu waa intee? Haddii uu bixin lahaa sharad laba lambar ah, lacag-bixinlacagLacag-bixinWaxa sharad guuleystay soo celiyo, oo lagu sheego “X ilaa 1” oo lagu daro sharadka la soo celiyay.Akhri dhammaan → noocee ah ayaa ilaalin lahayd isla faa'iidadaas?
Muuji xalka
Jawaab Faa'iidadu waa 6/70, 8.57%. Sharad laba lambar ah wuxuu bixin lahaa 31 ilaa 1, tiro dhan.
Hal lambar wuxuu guuleystaa hal mar 70 soo saarid kiiba, wuxuuna bixiyaa 63 unuglacagUnugSharadka saldhigga ah ee nidaam ama ciyaartoy ku shaqeeyo. Kordhinnada waxaa lagu sharxaa unugyo si ay ugu shaqeeyaan miis kasta.Akhri dhammaan →; 69-ka soo saarid ee kale waxay lumiyaan 1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, faa'iido kasiino oo ah 8.57%. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, bangigu wuxuu dib u bixiyaa 64 halka ciyaar caddaalad ahxisaabCiyaar caddaalad ahCiyaar aan dhinacna faa'iido lahayn: sharad kastaa wuxuu leeyahay qiime la filayo oo eber ah.Akhri dhammaan → ay bixin lahayd 70.
Sharad laba lambar ah oo x ilaa 1 ah wuxuu guuleystaa laba jeer 70 soo saarid kiiba: 2x unug oo la helay iyo 68 oo lumay, qiimaha la filayoxisaabQiimaha la filayoCelceliska natiijada sharad kasta muddada dheer. −1/37 ee sharadka sharad kasta oo Yurub caadi ah.Akhri dhammaan → oo ah (2x − 68)/70. Dhig 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Taasi waa 32 dib ee 1 kasta, kala badh 64.
Lacag-bixinta Biribi waxay raacdaa 64/n dib ee 1 kasta, 64-na si nadiif ah ayuu u kala badhmaa 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 iyo 32 lambar, sidaa darteed sharadyadaasi waxay noqdaan tiro dhan. 36-ka roulette-ka wuxuu u qaybsamaa 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 iyo 36, taas oo ku habboon shaxda sharadkaqalabShaxda sharadkaShaxda sharadka ee daabacan ee miiska. Sidoo kale: table, felt, cloth.Akhri dhammaan → oo saddex-saddex saf ah.
70-ka lambar ee Biribi, oo saf saf loo dhigay, waxay meel u daayeen afar sharad oo saddex lambar ah. Sida xeerka ka dambeeya faa'iidada 8.57% ee hal lambar, sharad saddex lambar ah maxuu bixin lahaa? Lacag-bixinnada tirooyinka dhan ee ugu dhow maxay ku kacayaan?
Muuji xalka
Jawaab 20⅓ ilaa 1. Bixinta 20 ilaa 1 waxay ku kacaysaa 10%; bixinta 21 ilaa 1, 5.71%.
Xeerka masalada kore: sharad n lambar ah wuxuu bixiyaa 64/n dib ee 1 kasta. Saddex lambar taasi waa 64/3 = 21⅓ dib, ama 20⅓ ilaa 1, taas oo aan chiplacagChipCalaamad u taagan qadar go'an, oo la dul dhigo shaxda sharadka si sharad loo sameeyo. Sidoo kale: check.Akhri dhammaan → bixin karin.
Sharad saddex lambar ah oo x ilaa 1 ah wuxuu guuleystaa 3 jeer 70 soo saarid kiiba, wuxuuna lumaa 67 jeer: qiimaha la filayo waa (3x − 67)/70. 20 ilaa 1: −7/70, 10%. 21 ilaa 1: −4/70, 5.71%.
Hoos u wareejinta saddex meelood meel unug waxay ciyaartoyga ku kacaysaa ku dhawaad hal dhibic iyo badh; kor u wareejintuna waxay dib u bixinaysaa ku dhawaad saddex dhibic. Lix iyo soddon, oo leh qaybiyeyaal badan, waxay roulette-ka ka badbaadisaa doorashadaas sharad kasta marka laga reebo sharadka shanta lambar ee Mareykanka.
Giraangirta gorgorka ee qarnigii 19aad waxay lahayd 31 godqalabGodMid ka mid ah 37-ka qol ee lambarrada leh ee rotor-ka. Sidoo kale: slot, cup.Akhri dhammaan →, 1 ilaa 28 iyo 0, 00 iyo gorgor, waxayna bixin jirtay 27 ee 1 kasta hal lambar. Sharadyadeeda tiirkasharadTiirLaba iyo toban lambar oo ku jira hal tiir oo taagan oo shaxda sharadka ah, wuxuu bixiyaa 2:1.Akhri dhammaan → iyo midabka waxay ku kacayeen 9.68%. Sharad afar lambar ah maxuu bixin lahaa, “ee 1 kasta”, si uu isla qiimahaas ugu kaco?
Muuji xalka
Jawaab 7 ee 1 kasta, taas oo ku kacaysa 3/31 = 9.68%.
Sharad bixiya X ee 1 kasta wuxuu dib u bixiyaa X unug, sharadku ku jiro, marka uu guuleysto. Sharad afar lambar ah wuxuu guuleystaa 4 jeer 31 kiiba, sidaa darteed wuxuu celiyaa 4X unug 31 kasta oo la sharadsado: qiimaha la filayo waa (4X − 31)/31.
7 ee 1 kasta taasi waa −3/31, 9.68%, la mid ah tiirarka iyo midabada. 8 ee 1 kasta waxay noqon lahayd +1/31, faa'iido ciyaartoyga u ah. Sidaa darteed xeerka giraangirta gorgorku wuxuu ahaa (28 − n)/n ilaa 1, saddex god oo kasiinada ah 31 kiiba.
Kaftan yar
Giraangir Ingiriis, shax Talyaani, magac Faransiis, laba eber.
Ilaha
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 4th ed.